Executive functioning refers to a set of cognitive processes that enable individuals to plan, organize, manage time, initiate tasks, pay attention, regulate emotions, and exhibit self-control. It involves higher-level mental skills that are crucial for goal-directed behavior and problem-solving. 

The key components of executive functioning include:

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1. Goal setting: Helping students set achievable short-term and long-term goals, breaking them down into smaller steps, and creating plans to reach them.

2. Time management: Teaching students to prioritize tasks, create schedules, use calendars or planners, and practice task completion within given timeframes.

3. Organization: Assisting students in developing systems for organizing their materials, keeping track of assignments, and managing their physical and digital spaces.

4. Task initiation: Teaching students strategies to overcome procrastination, such as breaking tasks into smaller parts or using timers to create a sense of urgency.

5. Working memory: Implementing techniques to help students improve their working memory, such as mnemonic devices, visualization, or chunking information into smaller, more manageable pieces.

6. Cognitive flexibility: Encouraging students to consider multiple perspectives, brainstorm alternative solutions, and practice adapting to changes or unexpected situations.

7. Self-monitoring: Assisting students in developing self-awareness and self-regulation by teaching them to assess their own work, reflect on their progress, and make adjustments as needed.

8. Problem-solving: Teaching students systematic approaches to problem-solving, including identifying the problem, generating possible solutions, evaluating the options, and selecting the most appropriate one.

9. Emotional regulation: Helping students recognize and manage their emotions, teaching relaxation techniques, and promoting self-care practices to reduce stress and improve focus.

10. Metacognition: Guiding students to develop metacognitive skills, such as planning, monitoring their own thinking, evaluating their performance, and making adjustments based on their self-reflection.

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Educational therapists may employ a combination of these strategies tailored to the specific needs and strengths of each student.